Autumn Beers Part II

Although the temperature lingers in the twenties this morning, the sun is shining and the weather report says it should be more autumn-like by the weekend. With that assurance I continue my review of fall beers.

Furthermore Fallen AppleBefore moving away from specialty beers I should mention one other that exists in a place of its own. Fallen Apple from Furthermore Beer in Spring Green, Wisconsin is a limited batch fall beer brewed at the height of the apple harvest. For this beer brewer Aran Madden makes a specially formulated recipe reminiscent of a cream ale. This is combined in the fermenter with fresh pressed apple cider delivered to the brewery from an orchard nearby. The two are fermented together to create a beverage that I have compared to Apple Jolly Rancher™ infused champagne. Light and effervescent, Fallen Apple’s flavor begins as a lightly corny and moderately bitter ale. Somewhere mid-palate it explodes into a bright, tart cider/beer blend that is perfect for those warm, early fall days. It is so light and refreshing that you completely forget about the nearly 7% ABV until you feel the buzz from your first glass.

Although not a fall specialty, American Amber Ale is another beer style that is perfectly suited to autumn. American Amber is basically an Ruch River Unforgiven AmberAmerican pale ale with amped up caramel malt character. While still assertively bitter and with plenty of hop flavor and aroma, the increased maltiness makes for a richer, sweeter beer. West Coast versions, like Rocket Red from Bear Republic, can be intensely bitter while those from the Midwest and East are generally more subdued. There are a couple of very nice local and regional examples of Amber Ale available in the Twin Cities. Rush River Unforgiven Amber is a pub standby for me. Slightly cloudy from dry-hopping, Unforgiven Amber has a smooth, rich caramel malt profile balanced by abundant citrus and pine hops. Another good local choice is Mesabi Red from Duluth’s Lake Superior Brewing Company. Mesabi Red is a bit more intense than Unforgiven, with a bigger malt profile that includes biscuit notes with hints of roast, and bitterness that is correspondingly higher. A couple of great examples from further away are Bell’s Amber and Anderson Valley Boont Amber. You can find the Bell’s in Minnesota. For the Anderson Valley you will have to travel to Wisconsin. I believe you can also find the afore mentioned Bear Republic Rocket Red in Wisconsin.

Bell's Best Brown AleOne step further down the beer color wheel and no less brilliant for fall is Brown Ale. A darker and more toasty/roasty cousin of the American Amber, American Brown ales tend to balance toward the malt with rich caramel flavors and light notes of roast and chocolate. The slant toward malt does not, however, mean that hops aren’t prominent. Most American Browns still feature assertive bitterness and ample hop flavors, favoring earthy and resinous varieties over bright citrusy. These are smooth, easy-drinking beers with enough toastiness to take the edge off the chill air. The best local example is Chestnut Hill from Lift Bridge Brewery. One of my Autumn Brew Review top five, Chestnut Hill has a complex malt profile with nutty notes of toast, roast, and caramel. The malt is balanced by spicy hops, and a wisp of cinnamon in the background adds character. At 7% ABV it provides nice fall warmth but is still light enough to have a couple. Also in this category is Surly Bender. More assertive and bitter, it retains the smooth Brown Ale character with notes of toast, cocoa, coffee and caramel. The addition of oats gives it a rich, velvety mouthfeel. It is my favorite beer from Surly. A regional favorite of mine is Bell’s Best Brown. A slightly sweeter and less complex session brown, Best Brown still has plenty of roasty, toasty malt goodness for an autumn night around the fire pit. The English browns tend to be sweeter and subtler in character than their American cousins. Samuel Smith’s Nut Brown Ale is an example that should not be forgotten.

You can’t talk about the beers of fall without mentioning Oktoberfest/Märzen. Originally brewed in March at the end of the legal brewing season in Germany, these rich caramel lagers were stored cold in caves over the hot summer, to be consumed in the fall to celebrate the harvest. Full flavored caramel malt dominates, but is balanced by spicy German hops and a crisp, dry lager finish. My favorite here is Ayinger Oktoberfest/Märzen, but there are several authentic German examples available. Closer to home try the examples from Bell’s or Schell’s. Surly‘s Surlyfest is an interesting and tasty Americanized fest beer. The Oktoberfest caramel base is recognizable, but the addition of spicy rye malt and ample American hops make it a thing all its own. It is definitely worth seeking out. Other contenders for fall lagers include the amber Vienna Lager style and the full bodied Doppelbock. To sample great Vienna Lagers look for Schell’s Firebrick or Capital Wisconsin Amber. For Doppelbock you can’t go wrong with Paulaner Salvator or Celebrator Doppelbock from Ayinger. For a regional fall Doppelbock pick up a sixpack of Capital Brewery’s Autumnal Fire. Full bodied and warming, this beer is chock full of luscious caramel malt and raisiny goodness.

Autumn Beers Part I

View from my office on October 12th.It seems strange to be writing about autumn beers when the temperature is in the twenties and there are two inches of wet, heavy snow on the ground. At this very moment the snow continues to fall. But autumn it is! It’s only mid October, and while the trees on the west bank of the Mississippi River near my home have turned bright hues of orange and red, most of the trees are still sporting green leaves. We haven’t yet set the clocks back for the fall, an act that dooms those of us in the North Country to early afternoon darkness until spring. “It’s autumn, damn it!” I keep repeating to myself. “I didn’t miss my window. It isn’t too late to enjoy the great beers of fall.”

Autumn is an in-between time. There is a chill in the air, but it hasn’t yet turned brutally cold.Fall Color on the Mississippi The days are getting shorter, but it is still light at 4:00 PM. The leaves are turning colors and beginning to fall, but the trees are not yet the gray skeletons that they become in the winter. Most of the time fall is a beautiful season, the season of harvest. So what makes a beer appropriate for fall? Well, slightly higher alcohol for one thing, just enough to take the edge off the chill air. A little color would be welcome, amber, red, orange, and brown to match the colors of the season. A bit of spice is always nice and perhaps a wink and a nod to the fall harvest, be it of hops or pumpkins.

Fall is a great time for special seasonal releases including wet hop beers and pumpkin ales. Hops are harvested in the fall. The bulk of the hops harvested in the world are dried and pressed onto bales or processed even further into pellets that resemble rabbit food. The majority of beers produced in the world use these dried and processed hops. However, during the harvest season many craft brewers take advantage of the opportunity to brew with fresh, unprocessed hops. For these beers, huge quantities of “wet” hop cones are added to the beer often within hours or even minutes of picking. Now I have to say that I am not a huge fan of the wet hop beers. In most cases I don’t feel that the use of fresh hops adds any significantly different character to the already hoppy American pale ales. What it does sometimes add is vegetal or grassy notes that I don’t find altogether pleasant. That said, these beers are immensely popular at this time of year so you should try a few examples and make up your own mind.

Fresh HopsThere are several locally brewed examples of wet hop beers to choose from. Surly Wet is available on tap right now in several locations. I found this to be a one-dimensional beer with a muddy hop character and excessive bitterness. While you are greeted with a beautiful, bright, citrusy hop punch at the beginning, the bitterness just hangs on in a way that is oddly mouth-coating and throat-burning. The somewhat sticky malt in the background is not quite enough to balance. One of the things that I love about Surly beers is the articulation of flavors. Each flavor seems to stand apart while working together with the others to make a delightful whole. I missed this articulation of flavors in Wet. The boys at Lift Bridge Brewery in Stillwater are releasing their Harvestör Ale at the Happy Gnome on October 25th. Harvestör is brewed with hops grown in Lift Bridge’s own hop garden. I haven’t tried this year’s batch, but my notes from last year indicate a big American IPA with somewhat sweet caramel malt, bright citrus hop flavor, and assertive bitterness. Brau Brothers Brewing from down in Lucan, MN also brews fresh-hop beers using their own hops, this year including a Fresh-hop Lager. Town Hall Brewpub in Minneapolis will be releasing their Fresh-hop 2009 tonight (October 12th).

If you want to try some non-local fresh hop beers there are many to choose from. Founders Brewing from Michigan recently released their Harvest Ale, available in four-packs at better liquor stores. Another regional example is the Heavy Handed IPA from Two Brothers Brewery outside of Chicago. Sierra Nevada releases a line of fresh hop beers every year including the Southern Hemisphere Harvest Ale with hops from South America and this year’s Estate Ale, brewed with hops and barley grown on the brewery’s own land.

The other big fall seasonal beer is pumpkin ale. While I may not be a fan of the wet hop beers, I do love the pumpkin ales. Not some extreme invention of American craft brewers, pumpkin ale has been around at least since the early days of colonial America when thirsty colonists, lacking barley which is not native to the eastern US, needed an alternative source of sugar for making beer. Pumpkin beers are usually amber-colored ales with generous amounts of caramel malt, relatively low levels of hop bitterness and flavor, and aromatic pumpkin pie spices like cinnamon, clove, allspice, and nutmeg. The best of them will display at least some character from the squash, although some are more pumpkin pie spice beers than actual pumpkin beers.

I have made it a mission to discover the essential pumpkin ale. My favorite is Pumking from Southern Tier Brewing in New York. This 9% Southern Tier PumkingABV desert-in-a-bottle is rich and smooth with notes of buttered rum and cloves. The pumpkin fruit comes through loud and clear, complemented by overtones of hazelnut. If you can find this one, snatch it up. But good luck, it arrived on store shelves in mid September and sold out within days. There may still be a few bottles lurking around out there if you make some calls. My two other favorites are both Midwestern offerings that are not available in Minnesota. O’Fallon Brewing located outside of St. Louis and the St. Louis Brewing Company, who’s beer sells under the brand name Schlafly both make outstanding pumpkin beers. The O’Fallon offering is a low alcohol pumpkin session beer with surprising levels of great pumpkin and spice character. The Schlafly beer is bigger and richer with more caramel sweetness and alcohol warmth. For a locally brewed example look for Mummy Train from St. Paul’s Flat Earth Brewing. While I found this beer to be a bit over spiced, it does have nice pumpkin flavor and caramel malt. Mummy Train is only available on draft or in growlers purchased from the brewery.

La Trappe Isid’or

The monks at the O.L.V. Koningshoeven Abbey have been brewing beer since 1884. It is one of seven Trappist breweries in the world. The deignation “Trappist” is trademark protected. To earn the designation the beer produced by a monastery must be produced on monastery grounds under the direct supervision of the monks, and a significant portion of the proceeds must be directed toward cheritable acts. The La Trappe brewery lost the “Trappist” designation in 1999 when production was contracted to Bavaria Brewery in Germany.While the beer was still brewed on monestary grounds, the International Trappist Association found the arrangement with Bavaria to be too commercial. In 2005 the monks assumed greater control over the day to day operation of the brewery and regained the right to use the Trappist designation.

Isid’or was brewed as a special beer to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the La Trappe brewery. It is named after Isidorus Laaber, the first brewmaster. The proceeds from the sale of the beer go to support monks in Uganda. The Koningshoeven website describes the beer as “a lightly sweet amber beer with a hint of caramel…[that] tastes softly bitter and has a fruity aftertaste.” It is hopped with Perle hops grown at the monastery. Here’s my notes:

La Trappe Isid'orIsid’or
Bierbrouwerij de Koningshoeven B.V., Tillburg, Netherlands
Style: Belgian Specialty Ale
Serving Style: 750 ml Bottle

Aroma: Spicy hops dominate. Caramel, toffee, and sugary cotton candy. Traces of alcohol.

Appearance: Deep amber and a bit hazy. The large, creamy, white head persists and leaves lace.

Flavor: From the start to the lingering finish caramel is king. Caramel and toffee flavor, but not overly sweet. The sweetness is cut by medium-high bitterness and a balancing spicy hop flavor. Belgian yeast provides banana and cotton candy notes along with loads of fruit, citrus, cherries, and raisins. A lovely caramel lingers long after the swallow. Light alcohol in the finish but pleasant, not hot or solvent.

Mouthfeel: Medium-full body. Rich and smooth. Medium-high carbonation that lightens it up.

Overall Impression: Isid’or has all the richness of flavor of a big Belgian ale in a highly drinkable, lower alcohol beer. One could drink a couple of these. I love the finish. The caramel flavors linger and linger.

Goose Island Sofie

Saison is a beer style without bounds. While all styles will show some variability from beer to beer and brewer to brewer, there is so much variation among saisons that the determination of a style can become almost meaningless. The colors range from pale yellow to dark orange. Some display intense, yeast-derived fruitiness, while others veer toward a spicy, phenolic yeast character. Some have a wild yeast funk while others do not. This one finishes bone dry, but that one is sweet and sugary. It is truly a style that is hard to pin down.

Sofie from Chicago’s Goose Island Beer Co. is one of the more delicate saisons I have tasted. A blend of 80% fresh beer and 20% wine barrel aged beer fermented with wild yeast, it is a complex but subtle dance of velvety malt, dainty fruits, and tart acidity. Here’s my notes:

Goose Island SofieSophie
Goose Island Beer Co., Chicago, Illinois
Style: Saison
Serving Style: 650 ml Bottle

Aroma: Delicate and subdued. Light wine-like fruit and leathery funk. Bready malt with the signature Belgian saison yeast character.

Appearance: Pale yellow and clear. Fluffy white head with average retention. It maintained film on surface and left lace on the glass.

Flavor: Flavors are as delicate as the aroma. Pineapple, apple, and lemon citrus fruitiness. A light acidic tartness that comes through especially in the finish. Acidity and fruit reminds me of Lemondrops. Very subtle white wine character. The velvety, bready malt is balanced by black pepper hops and moderate bitterness. Belgian saison yeast phenolics. It finishes dry with lingering acidity.

Mouthfeel: Velvety and smooth. Light body, but with rich malt character. Medium carbonation.

Overall Impression: A delicate, subtle beer. Nicely done. The light, bright fruitiness is amplified by lingering tart acidity. Wild yeast may come through more strongly with some age, but right now the refreshing tartness is the only sign. And that’s okay. Would go well with brie cheese or a lighter white fish.

Autumnal Ales

The October Meeting of the Twin Cities Perfect Pint Beer Club.

Atumnal AlesWhen: Friday, October 23, 2009
Cost: $25
You must be a member of the club to attend. Go to the Twin Cities Perfect Pint Beer Club to join and RSVP.

Fall is finally here. The crispness in the wind signals change. The days are getting shorter, the leaves are turning, and there is a chill in the air. It’s time for the beers we’re drinking to change as well. It’s time to leave the refreshing summer beers behind. Enough of the lightweight wheat ales. Cancel the kölsch. Forget about the fluffy, fruity beers.

But fall is an in-between time. The air is chill, yes, but the bitter cold of winter has not yet set in. Daylight hours are decreasing, but it is still light at 4:00 pm. The same holds true for autumnal ales. It isn’t yet time for sipping barleywine by the fire. Imperial stout may still be too heavy and the spiced holiday beers haven’t yet been released. Fall is a time for in-between beers, beers with some color to match the trees and just enough alcohol warming to tame the wind’s bite.

For this meetup we’ll delve into the beers of autumn. We’ll taste toasty browns, aromatic ambers, and authentic (and maybe not so authentic) Oktoberfests. We might even sample a spicy seasonal specialty. Pumpkin anyone?

Celebrating Winter Beers at the Kitchen Window in Uptown

Holiday BeersWhen: Friday, November 13, 2009 at 6:30 PM
Where: The Kitchen Window in Uptown
Cost: $75
Click here to reserve your spot.

Join chef Ben McCallum and Certified CiceroneMichael Agnew at the Kitchen Window in Uptown for an evening of fine food and festive winter beers. Our first course is CARAMELIZED LEEK AND OYSTER GRATIN paired with WEIHENSTEPHANER HEFEWEISSBIER from Germany – a great tasting hefe with characteristic banana and clove flavors. Then we’ll enjoy BEER-ROASTED WHOLE CHICKEN with HAZELNUT MOLE SAUCE paired with ANCHOR CHRISTMAS BEER from San Francisco – every year since 1975 Anchor has brewed distinctive and unique Christmas Ale; the Ale’s recipe is different every year. Next is hearty ALE-BRAISED SHORT RIBS with CHARRED TOMATO BARBECUE SAUCE paired with ST. BERNARDUS CHRISTMAS ALE from Belgium – with aromas of yeast and bread and tastes of spice, raisins, and nutmeg. Ben will also serve FRESH-BAKED BEER BREAD with GORGONZOLA WHIPPED BUTTER. For dessert, we’ll have PORTER-INFUSED CHOCOLATE BROWNIES paired with Cygnus X-1 PORTER from Flat Earth in St. Paul – a nice flavorful punch of citrus hop, balanced by slight caramel sweetness.

Oktoberfest Beer Dinner at the Dining Studio

A Perfect Pint’s Certified Cicerone™ Michael Agnew will be co-hosting hosting an Oktoberfest beer dinner with the Dining Studio on October 16 at 7 p.m. at. Michael has selected brews from Victory, Ayinger, Surly, Köstritzer, and Wiehenstephan. The food will include Chef Philip Dorwart’s signature soft pretzels, passed hors d’oeuvres, and four courses matched to the beers above. Dorwart takes an original approach to beer dinners and uses very little beer in the actual cooking of paired courses. Instead, he uses more of a wine dinner model by highlighting a flavor in the beer with food. By implementing this practice he is able to offer unique beer to food matching without relying on the “just add some beer” ethos. It’s sure to be a blast. Prost! Reservations are $65 and available at 612-331-3310.

Coniston Bluebird Bitter XB

Anyone who has spent any time at all talking beer with me knows that I love English Bitters. They will likely also have heard me hold forth on the virtues of Coniston Bluebird Bitter, my desert island beer. Bluebird Bitter is a subtly complex masterpiece, in which the individual flavors stand out as distinct while working together to form a near perfect whole. It is a beautiful blend of bitter, floral hops, caramel and biscuit malt, and orange marmalade fermentation character. Okay, perhaps I am being hyperbolic, but suffice it to say it is a damn good beer.

The good brewers at Coniston make another version of this great beer called Bluebird Bitter XB. For this beer they add an extra dose of American Mt Hood aroma hops to the brew. An American grown version of the classic German Hallertau hop, Mt Hood has a distinctly herbal quality with overtones of citrus. I picked up a bottle of this the other day and given my strong feelings for the original, I couldn’t wait to try it. Here’s my notes:

Coniston Bluebird Bitter XBBluebird Bitter XB
Coniston Brewing Company, Coniston, England
Style: English Best Bitter with American Aroma Hops
Serving Style: 16 oz. Bottle

Aroma: Light caramel and biscuit malt with very subtle herbal and tangerine hop character.

Appearance: Deep orange and crystal clear. Low white head that dissipated quickly.

Flavor: Begins with a sharp, crisp, bitter bite that just begins fading into toffee-like malt when a second wave of hops rolls in. This time it has a distinctly herbal quality with tangerine overtones. These blend well with the orange marmalade fermentation character. All the flavors are so wonderfully distinct and yet all work together. Rolls on to a dry finish with some lingering citrus notes.

Mouthfeel: Light body. Crisp. Carbonation is medium and beer gets better as it degasses a bit.

Overall Impression: Take Coniston Bluebird and add an extra layer of hops. The result lies somewhere between an English and an American pale ale. The citrus/herbal quality of the American Mt Hood hops blends well with the orange hints from the yeast. The extra flavor and aroma hops do tend to cover up the delicious malt profile of the original a bit too much for my taste. It’s an interesting twist, reminiscent of Surly Brewing’s Bitter Brewer. It’s tasty, but I’ll stick with the original.

Great River Brewery in Davenport, Iowa

Great River BreweryI spent a few days in the Quad Cities last week. Straddling the Mississippi between Iowa and Illinois, the Quad Cities are full of history. In the city of Davenport, Iowa, that history includes the Bucktown area. Once known as “the wickedest city in America”, it was home to a documented forty-two brothels in a two block area. These days Bucktown is Davenport’s downtown arts district. It’s also home to the Great River Brewery, the Quad Cities’ and Iowa’s newest production brewery. Great River brewers and founders Paul Krutzfeldt and Scott Lehnert started producing beer at the brewery in January of this year. They come to Davenport from Iowa City where they were the brewers at Old Capitol Brew Works and Public House. In fact, the actual brewery came with them from Old Capitol and beer for the brewpub is now brewed in Davenport. They are brewing a full line-up of seven beers plus an old fashioned root beer. Looking through the windows into the brewery I saw some oak barrels being cleaned suggesting that a barrel aging project is in the works. Currently their beers are only available on tap, but the website says 16 ounce cans are coming soon. I had the opportunity to stop by their Brewer’s Lounge and sample the wares. Here’s my thoughts.

La Jefa Mexican Lager – I would have sworn this was an American Wheat. Light gold and hazy, it was lacking the clean crispness of a lager. Citrusy fruitiness and a grainy/wheaty malt profile furthered my confusion. It was a tasty beer, but I was surprised to read on the sampler sheet that it was supposed to be a Mexican Lager.

Mexicana Dark Mexican Lager – A pretty straight forward Vienna style lager. Some light toasty caramel malt notes balanced by spicy continental hops. Solid enough, but didn’t really stand out.

483 Pale Ale – This was a fairly decent American Pale Ale. Aggressively bitter with nice, bright citrus hops and balancing grainy malt. I detected some biscuit notes in there as well. It was a favorite of some in my group.

Roller Dam Red Ale – This was the star of the show, a really nice Irish red ale displaying big caramel malt with just the right hint of roast in the finish. Moderately assertive bitterness and light floral hop flavors finish it off. This was the unanimous favorite of my group and we all ordered a pint after finishing the sampler.

Farmer Brown Ale – This one was tasty as well, my second favorite from the line-up. It is appropriately more toasty caramel than the red with a bigger hit of roast. Resinous American hop varieties provide a solid bitterness and flavor without overwhelming the malt. Nicely balanced.

Straight Pipe Stout – This big, rich oatmeal stout was my third pick from the sampler. It was medium-full bodied with a nice sweetness. The roast seemed a bit high to me and had an odd grainy character to it like chewing on grains of black malt. But you know what, oddly I found that pleasant. This might have been my next pint had we been able to stay longer.

Far Out Espresso Stout – My group liked this one. To me it had a strong green pepper flavor, something I find in a lot of coffee stouts. No one else could taste it. I couldn’t taste anything else. Maybe it’s just me.

I wish the folks at Great River success and will certainly stop in again the next time I am in the Quad Cities.

Where the Wild Beers Are Recap

My thanks go out to Jeff Halvorson, first for putting on Where the Wild Beers Are, and second for holding it later in September so that I could attend. Where the Wild Beers Are is a sour and wild ale tasting that was held yesterday at Stub & Herbs in Dinkytown. For those who have never been, it is a great event for which the cost of admission is a 750 ml bottle of sour beer. The beers that attendees bring are the beers that are sampled during the event. Each bottle buys the donor ten samples. A simple yet elegant scheme.

I missed the event last year and so was excited when I saw the date posted for this year’s tasting. I had intended to bring two or three bottles and wile away the entire afternoon sampling great wild beers. I had even purchased the beers I wanted to bring. Sadly, real life intervened and other responsibilities made that an unwise way to spend my day. I wasn’t going to miss it though, and in the hour and a half that I had I greatly enjoyed the beers I got to taste. Here are some of my favorites.

2006 Cantillon Iris – Traditionally lambics are brewed with 30% unmalted wheat and aged hops that add no flavor or bitterness to the beer. Iris is a rare lambic made from 100% malted barley with fresh hops added to the beer at two points in the brewing process. It is delightfully light and refreshing. Vinous, tart, and dry as a bone, it has some nice peach and pear fruitiness and peppery spice. The barnyard and leather character is light. This is a great beer for a hot day in the sun. It was my second favorite of the day.

Russian River Consecration – This was my favorite beer of the day and one that I went back for more than once. It is a dark amber beer made with black currants. The flavor is a combination of chocolate, caramel, and tart berries with underlying barnyard funk. Consecration is definitely a funky sour beer, but not in any way over the top. Russian River is one of those breweries with a larger than life reputation. They just might be deserving of it. Tasting this made me want to open the bottle that I have been holding in the basement for a while. Great beer!

Lift Bridge Raspberry Lambic – Who knew the guys at Lift Bridge had brewed a framboise? This was apparently the one and only bottle in existence. While lacking some of the complexity of the other beers, it was not a bad effort from the young Stillwater brewery. The aroma sported huge berry notes and some brettanomyces funkiness. The flavor followed suite with tart berry dominating and light barnyard funk in the background. It was light, dry, and refreshing.

3 Fonteinen Sharbeek Kriek – Kriek is a young lambic that is aged on cherries. The traditional cherry of Kriek is the Sharbeek cherry, a regional variety grown in the area around Brussels where true lambic is produced. The best way to describe this beer is tart cherry pie. If you can conjure up that taste for yourself, then you have this beer. My third favorite of the day.

I tasted many more beers and would gladly have spent another hour and a half tasting even more. I envy those who did not have to leave. I look forward to next year’s event.